NARRATOR: Kosutnjak Park, outside the Serbian capital, Belgrade.
In May 1914, a Bosnian student, Gavrilo Princip,
came here with a Browning pistol
for some target practice.
Princip was 19 years old
According to his instructor, he was not a very good shot.
Other students were much more confident
Whenever Princip missed the target people standing around would laugh at him
That would drive him to tears
Out of sight in the forest, he had a chance to get his eye in, shooting at trees.
His ultimate goal was far more ambitious.
PRINCIP: I am an adherent of the radical anarchist idea
which aims at destroying the present system through terrorism
In 1914, Princip's wish was granted.
The First World War began almost by accident.
It ended just as strangely.
In between, it was more destructive than any war had ever been.
More British, French and Italian soldiers died in the First World War than died in the Second.
It was the first genuinely global conflict, fought not just on the fields of France and Flanders,
but up mountains, across deserts, at sea and in the air.
The First World War shaped the 20th century.
It sparked the Russian Revolution.
It launched America as a world power.
The fault lines from its failed peace settlement
led the world to a second terrible war barely 20 years later,
then to the Cold War.
But the ideas the men of 1914 fought for
still shape our world today:
nationalism and democracy, the rule of international law, and the rights of nations.
Now, after the collapse of Communism,
the European map resembles the one redrawn by the First World War.
We live with its unresolved, bitter consequences:
in the Middle East and the Balkans.
And it was in the Balkans that it all began, nearly a hundred years ago.
At the start of the 20th century, as at its close,
the Balkans were the most unstable part of Europe.
Here, three great empires fought for power and influence:
the Austro-Hungarian, the Russian and the Ottoman.
For hundreds of years, the Ottoman Turks had the upper hand.
Serbia, Bosnia, Albania, were under their control.
They built over 80 mosques in Serbian Belgrade.
But by the 1900s, only this one was left.
Serbia had thrown the Turks out and set herself up as an independent Slav kingdom.
(Chanting)
But right on Serbia's border was an even greater challenge to Slav nationalism:
the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
The old Turks of the south have gone
But new enemies come from the north
more fearsome and dangerous than the old
They want to take our freedom and our language from us and crush us
Gavrilo Princip was born in a poor, mountainous part of Bosnia.
His house was destroyed in the Balkan wars of the 1990s.
His initials, carved in 1909, are one of the few signs he ever lived here.
The year before,
control of Bosnia had been wrested from the Turks by the Austro-Hungarians,
the enemy Princip wanted to destroy.
His particular target was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne,
Franz Ferdinand, member of the ruling family, the Hapsburgs.
That extraordinary empire known as the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy
is less an empire or a kingdom or a state
than the personal property of the Hapsburgs
whose hereditary talent for the acquisition of land is recorded on the map of Europe today
The Empire was ruled by Franz Ferdinand's uncle, Franz Joseph.
He sat on two thrones,
as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.
By 1914, he'd been in charge for 66 years.
He'd spent them trying to resist change of any kind.
Hardly ever seen out of military uniform, he hated the idea of political reform.
As he told US President Theodore Roosevelt,
You see in me the last European monarch of the old school
Austria-Hungary was a key part of European security,
a multi-national empire keeping the peace on the borders of the West.
The capital, Vienna, was one of the great cosmopolitan centres of Europe.
This was the Empire that produced Freud and Mahler, Schiele, Kafka and Strauss.
It contained at least ten different nationalities.
Not just Austrians and Hungarians, but Czechs, Slovaks,
Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians.
A guide was prepared by the British Foreign Office,
to help work out who was who.
Teutons anti-Slav vigorous and unpleasant
manly and patriotic very tall big noses
Slovaks Ignorant but artistic
Ruthenes savage and ignorant but musical
Czechs energetic forceful intensely national
But it was also an empire in a state of constant crisis.
Pols all for Polish independence
Bosnian Serbs Pro-Yugoslav
Italians anti-Austrian
In all the Empire, only the Hungarians and Austrians had any real power,
and the Hungarians refused to share it with the rest.
For countries like Serbia, Austria-Hungary was the prison of nations,
a repressive, undemocratic state, that ground small peoples under its heel.
In 1905, there were nationalist demonstrations in Vienna.
In 1912, there was rioting in Budapest.
By 1914, there had been ethnic unrest in nearly every part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Local parliaments were suspended, troops brought in to restore order.
Austria-Hungary's domestic problems gave opportunities to her enemies.
Serbia wanted the break-up of the Empire.
She welcomed national unrest, particularly in Croatia and Bosnia.
Backed by Slav Russia, Serbia saw herself as the only independent hope
for Slavs living under foreign rule in the Balkans.
She wanted to unite them into a single South Slav state: Yugoslavia.
Dragutin Dimitrijevic was an officer in the Serbian Army.
He opposed any kind of friendship with Austria.
DIMTRIJEVIC: The blind surrender to Austria's embrace
was a most shameful betrayal of Serbian traditions
I realised that Serbia must in full measure become the leader not only of Serbs
but of Yugoslavia
Dimitrijevic believed killing kings could bring political change.
It had worked for him in the past.
In 1903 he led a palace revolution, killing the old King of Serbia,
who was too close to Austria for the army's liking,
and installing a new one.
The crowds expressed enormous joy
They stuck flowers and leaves in their caps
Windows were decorated with banners flowers garlands
Belgrade was celebrating!
(Cheering)
The rest of the world was horrified at Serbia's bloody coup.
Serbia was treated like a rogue state:
''a nest of revolutionaries,'' one Foreign Minister complained.
Only two countries sent ambassadors to King Peter's coronation:
Russia, Serbia's greatest ally,
and Austria, her greatest enemy.
Dimitrijevic was also one of the founding members of the Black Hand,
a secret military society
that used terrorism and assassination to try and establish Yugoslavia.
He is said to have sent men to murder Austro-Hungarian military leaders
and cabinet ministers.
He allegedly tried to kill Emperor Franz Joseph.
One saw him nowhere Yet one knew that he was doing everything
By the spring of 1914,
Gavrilo Princip was also in Belgrade, talking revolution with his friends.
Then the Young Bosnians heard that Archduke Franz Ferdinand would visit Sarajevo in June.
Here was their chance to match deeds to words.
Luckily for them, their plans reached the ears of Dimitrijevic and the Black Hand.
Dimitrijevic worked in the Kalemegdan Fortress in Belgrade,
as Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence.
ln the spring of 1914, Major Voja Tankosic, also in the Black Hand,
walked into his office with a question.
TANKOSIC: I've got some Bosnian youths pestering me
These kids want to pull off some ''great deed'' at any cost
They've heard that Franz Ferdinand is coming to Bosnia
and have begged me to let them go there
What do you say? I have told them they cannot go
but they give me no peace
Franz Ferdinand was going to Bosnia
to observe the Austro-Hungarian Army's maneuvres in the hills outside Sarajevo.
As intelligence chief, Dimitrijevic feared these manoeuvres were a smokescreen,
that what Franz Ferdinand really planned was an invasion of Serbia.
As leader of the Black Hand, he believed anything that destabilised Austria-Hungary
was good for his beloved Serbia.
Princip's plan to murder Franz Ferdinand suited him perfectly.
''Fine,'' he said. ''Let him go.''
Unlike Gavrilo Princip, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was an excellent shot.
One of his castles, Konopischt, in what is now the Czech Republic,
is full of the evidence.
By the age of 50, he'd shot 5,000 stags,
as well as 200,000 other animals,
all carefully numbered.
Anyone who disturbed the Archduke's peace at Konopicht
by trespassing on his land as unsuspecting trippers sometimes did on Sundays
had to reckon with being shouted at by an irascible and almost apoplectic proprietor
who threatened to shoot anyone who dared set foot in his grounds a second time
By 1914, Franz Ferdinand was Emperor-in-waiting.
Everyone knew it couldn't be long before his uncle died.
Even the official portrait was ready,
Franz Ferdinand with the stars and sash only the Emperor could wear.
He had no time for the etiquette and convention that hemmed in the Vienna court.
He defied his uncle by marrying Sophie Chotek, who was not of royal blood.
FRANZ FERDINAND: The most intelligent thing I've ever done in my life
has been the marriage to my Soph
She is everything to me my wife my adviser
my doctor my guardian angel
In a word my entire happiness
Franz Ferdinand also had radical ideas for political reform.
He recognised that the less power national minorities had within the Empire,
the more they'd look to other countries for help.
The old system allowed ethnic Germans and Hungarians to dominate the government.
It was a system that couldn't last.
FRANZ FERDINAND: I can't help being surprised that there isn't any loyalty
left among the nationalities after their treatment for so many years past
I must have them with me This is the only salvation for the future
In 1914, the German Emperor came to stay with Franz Ferdinand at Konopischt.
The Kaiser had a simple solution for dealing with troublesome national minorities.
KAISER: The Slavs are born not to rule but to obey
This must be brought home to them
And if they imagine they can look to Belgrade for their salvation
they must be cured of this belief
But Franz Ferdinand had a better idea.
He thought political reform was the best way to keep the Austrian Empire on its feet,
and protect his own future as Emperor.
He had this map drawn up,
showing how the Hapsburg Empire could become the United States of Great Austria.
Above all, Franz Ferdinand wanted to avoid war in the Balkans.
One night, he made a toast after dinner.
To peace!
What would we get out of war with Serbia?
We'd lose the lives of young men and we'd spend money better used elsewhere
And what would we gain for heaven's sake?
A few plum trees some pastures full of goat droppings and a bunch of rebellious killers
Gavrilo Princip crossed the border from Serbia into Austria-Hungary here at the Drina river.
He paddled out to Isakovic Island,
where there was a Serbian guard post.
The soldiers helped him wade ashore into Bosnia.
From here, he made his way to Sarajevo, where he met up with six others in on the plot.
The Serbian Major Tankosic had supplied them with four pistols, six bombs,
and suicide pills in case of capture.
They were already in Sarajevo
when Franz Ferdinand arrived outside the capital on 25 June.
They planned to attack him three days later,
as he drove from the railway station to the Town Hall.
One would be stationed at the first bridge on this road.
Princip and the others would cover the rest of the route.
Franz Ferdinand chose the date of his visit badly.
Sarajevo was decked in flags for the occasion.
But 28 June was Serbian National Day,
a natural focus for hatred of the Hapsburgs,
as the Serbian Ambassador to Vienna warned.
This will cause much discontent
Some young Serb might put a live round rather than a blank in his gun and fire it
Therefore it might be good if Archduke Franz Ferdinand were not to go to Sarajevo
But the Austrians laughed off the Ambassador's fears.
On the morning of 28 June, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrived by train in Sarajevo.
Despite the warnings, security was light.
No soldiers lined the streets, just a handful of policemen.
The royal car was a Gräf & Stift tourer.
At Franz Ferdinand's request, it travelled with the top down, very slowly,
so the crowds could see him, and he could see the sights.
As the procession passed the first bridge, the conspirator there threw his bomb.
Sitting opposite the royal couple was Oskar Potiorek.
POTIOREK: The explosion came immediately after the Archduchess's cry to ''drive on quickly!"
I was sure no damage had been done to our car,
and the Archduke commented very calmly,
I've always thought something like this might happen
The bomb had bounced off the car,
exploding behind it and wounding two officers and some onlookers.
Franz Ferdinand stopped to ask after the casualties, before hurrying on to the Town Hall.
There the Mayor of Sarajevo began his official welcome speech.
The Archduke interrupted.
Lord Mayor what is the good of your speeches?
I come to Sarajevo on a friendly visit and someone throws a bomb at me
This is outrageous!
So far, the Young Bosnians' plans had gone badly wrong.
Franz Ferdinand was alive.
Official security was now on high alert.
Gavrilo Princip turned to go home,
stopping on the corner of Franz Joseph Street to buy a sandwich.
Then his luck changed.
Franz Ferdinand had left the Town Hall.
He should have been driven along the river,
travelling too fast to give any other assassins a chance.
But his driver took a wrong turn , at the corner of Franz Joseph Street.
As the royal car tried to reverse onto the main road,
Princip came face-to-face with his target.
At that moment I heard the crack of a pistol shot
followed swiftly by another
and saw in the same split second
a man standing right in front of me being thrown to the ground by the people around him
and the shining sabre of a security guard descending on him
A thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right cheek
The Duchess cried out ''In heaven's name what has happened to you?''
Then she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car
I thought she had simply fainted
Then I heard His Imperial Highness say
''Sopherl Sopherl don't die Stay alive for the children!"
I asked him if he was in great pain
He answered me quite distinctly ''It's nothing''
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie died on the way to hospital.
The people of Sarajevo didn't know
that a clutch of Serbian army officers had secretly sponsored the assassination.
But they made the same leap the world did:
that Serbia had as good as pulled the trigger herself.
The pro-Austrian element in the crowd went wild
The excitement of the moment turned into fury against everyone and everything Serbian
Serbian shops school and churches were smashed and looted
the streets choked with furniture clothes bicycles books
even icons and crosses twisted and befouled lying in heaps in the gutters
Over 200 Serbs were arrested in Sarajevo alone.
Local officials hanged some in the city prison.
Many more died in pogroms across Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The funeral of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie was held in Vienna on 4 July.
Oskar Potiorek had already written to the Foreign Ministry,
calling for Austria-Hungary to take revenge against Serbia.
We must take the first opportunity for a destructive blow against Serbia
to give the Monarchy a few decades of calm internal development
Serbia must learn to fear us again
Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff Conrad von Hötzendorf agreed.
This is not the crime of a single fanatic
Assassination represents Serbia's declaration of war on Austria-Hungary
If we miss this occasion the Monarchy will be exposed to new explosions of ethnic unrest
Austria-Hungary must wage war for political reasons
In life, the Crown Prince had been a champion of peaceful co-existence with Serbia.
In death he was becoming a cause for war.
The murder of Franz Ferdinand did not immediately set Europe alight.
International tensions in early July remained low.
But behind the scenes in Vienna, Austria-Hungary's leaders were planning
how to take revenge on Serbia, without getting stamped on by Serbia's powerful friends.
Even before the assassination, Army Chief of Staff Conrad von Hötzendorf
had pressed for war against Serbia no fewer than 20 times.
Now he made his case again .
I expressed to His Majesty my opinion that war with Serbia was unavoidable
''That is entirely correct'' said His Majesty
''But how are you going to wage war if everyone in particular Russia is going to attack us?''
"We have backing from Germany," I replied
His Majesty gave me a searching look and said ''Can you be certain of that?''
This was the moment when what could have been just another war in the Balkans
began to turn into the First World War.
Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph now asked the German Kaiser for support.
On 6 July, he got just the answer he wanted.
The German Government is of the opinion that we must decide what is to be done
Whatever we decide we may always be certain that we will find Germany at our side
a faithful ally and friend of our monarchy
Germany's crucial decision to back Austria was made with no care for the consequences.
Neither the Kaiser nor his senior political and military leaders took any steps to find out
what Austria-Hungary had in mind.
It was an extraordinary oversight...
..because nothing in the Balkans happened in isolation.
Europe was divided into two camps.
On one side were Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
On the other were France and Russia.
War with one could mean war with the others.
No-one knew how Russia would respond if one of the leading Balkan countries was attacked.
She might go to war with Austria to protect Serbia.
Then Germany would have to fight to protect Austria.
(General conversation)
The Germans thought the Russians might stay out of it.
The German Ambassador in St Petersburg insisted
Russia couldn't risk war for fear of internal revolution.
The German Foreign Minister decided Austria would quietly settle with Serbia.
The German Chancellor, Bethmann-Hollweg, was almost as confident.
The crime of Sarajevo was reprehensible
But politically it would have the positive result
of making Russia thoroughly digusted with the Serbs
It was Germany's confident support that pushed Austria forward.
But far from plunging the world into war out of aggression,
Germany was just nudging it closer, out of incompetence and wishful thinking.
The Kaiser was so sure no war was brewing that he went on holiday.
In Sarajevo, the trial of Gavrilo Princip was underway.
The court heard plenty of evidence to prove that Serbian army officers had helped him,
and with Germany's unconditional support, that was enough for Austria.
She sentenced Princip to 20 years in jail,
where he died in 1918.
She sent Serbia an ultimatum.
This document was Austria's excuse for war.
It was filled with demands so extreme and insulting that Serbia could never accept them.
But just in case they did, the Austrian Ambassador in Belgrade
was ordered to reject any reply as unacceptable.
He delivered the ultimatum at 6pm on 23 July 1914.
Slavka Mihajlovic was a Belgrade doctor.
The news of the ultimatum spread quickly
and soon there was a real alert
Streets and bars were crowded with anxious people
Everybody wondered what answer our Government would give
whether a new war would be avoided
Austria's ultimatum caught the world's diplomats napping.
The French Government the French press and public opinion
have been inconceivably surprised
Paris is almost dead
All the ambassadors but one are out of town
The Italian Ambassador is in Ireland
The Kaiser was on his yacht in Norway when the text of the Austrian ultimatum arrived.
The Kaiser arrived on deck as usual after breakfast
and said to me - I was still holding the wireless message
''That's a pretty strong note for once in a while''
''It certainly is'' I replied ''but it means war''
Whereupon the Kaiser observed that Serbia would never risk a war
She might not have risked it on her own.
But on 24 July, the Serbian Regent, Prince Alexander, telegramed Russia for help.
In St Petersburg, the Russian Foreign Minister spoke frankly to the British Ambassador.
Austria would not have acted so aggressively without the consent of Germany
I hoped the Britih Government would declare itself on the side of France and Russia
without delay
Russia was convinced that Germany was warmongering.
On 26 July, she called up her reserves.
This was the second key stage of the crisis,
as Britain's Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey, warned on the 28th.
From the moment the dispute ceases to be one between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
and becomes one in which another Great Power is involved
it cannot but end in the greatest catastrophe that has ever befallen the continent of Europe
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that same day.
The first shots of the war were fired from here,
the Austrian fortress of Zemun , just across the river from Belgrade.
In the dead of night, Voja Tankosic had the Black Hand blow the only railway bridge.
Windows shattered to smithereens and broken glass covered the floor
Patients started screaming
Then there was another explosion and another one
(Cannon fire)
So it was true
The war had begun
How well our old city deserved the name the Turks had given her
the House of Wars
Shells fired from all sides were criss-crossing above her
The Austrians had peculiar weapons
the so-called ''monitors''
little boats armed with heavy guns circling Belgrade like rabid dogs
and firing from every direction
(Gunfire)
It was still only a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia...
..and on 29 July, as the shells fell on Belgrade,
there was a final attempt to keep it that way.
A series of last-minute telegrams flashed across Europe.
Tsar to Kaiser. Cousin to cousin.
Dear Willy An ignoble war has been declared on a weak country
The indignation in Russia is enormous
Dear Nicky I am exerting my utmost influence on the Austrians
I confidently hope you will help me
Dear Willy My troops shall not take any provocative action
But by now, the crisis was beyond the control of monarchs or politicians.
It was in the hands of the military.
From the moment Russia mobilised her army,
German generals knew their own clock was ticking.
The alliance between France and Russia meant that Germany faced a war on two fronts.
Her only hope was to deal with France in the west,
before the main Russian armies could invade from the east.
That left no time to wait and see.
For Germany, Russian mobilisation meant war.
(Marching steps)
Germany hadn't looked for a fight.
Her generals knew a European war would be long and devastating, even for the victors.
But if it was going to happen , they thought, better sooner than later.
According to all competent observation
Russia will be prepared to fight in a few years
Then she will crush us by the number of her soldiers
Then she will have built her Baltic Sea Fleet and strategic railways
Our side meanwhile will have grown steadily weaker
On 1 August, Germany declared war on Russia.
Two days later, she declared war on Russia's ally, France.
Across Europe, ten million men headed off to fight.
For all the bands and flag-waving, many went unwillingly to war.
Where are we off to? France? Belgium ? Or the East?
At the station people waved goodbye some with handkerchiefs
I thought of my wife and child left alone at home
In fact it wasn't so much a thought as a fearful shadow flitting over my soul
God! How long is this town?
My bayonet's digging in My collar's strangling me
But when I look up I see a pretty girl
She was so full of admiration so moved by it all
that I realise we've got to look handsome and walk tall
Off we march to the sound of shrill brass although where we are going
you die you're defaced hacked up torn apart
All down the line my comrades straighten up at the sight of her
There is great excitement among my comrades
The bachelors are calm They're even joking about it
Family men are depressed
Some are saying we'll get nothing from this war We'll get beaten by the Germans
What's in it for us peasant-soldiers?
Why have we got to fight for some offended Serbs?
The leaders had little better idea why they were fighting than the men.
They had no lists of war aims.
Germany and Austria, Serbia, Russia and France
were all convinced they were fighting a defensive war,
forced on them by someone else.
The only great power in Europe still on the sidelines was Britain.
On 2 August 1914, Britain was still at peace.
But only just.
We've been in a state of great excitement
as the reservists are being called up
All the railways are guarded
Everything points to the great war so long expected being upon us
But Britain was the only Great Power who could not claim she was the victim of aggression.
Nobody had attacked her, so why should she fight?
It wasn't really to defend the rights of small nations,
at least, not Serbia, according to the Manchester Guardian .
If it were physically possible for Serbia to be towed out to sea and sunk there
the air of Europe would at once seem cleaner
Nor was Britain bound by treaty obligations,
as the Foreign Secretary, Edward Grey, assured Parliament.
We are not parties to the Franco-Russian alliance
We do not even know the terms of the alliance
(Ticking)
But in private, Grey and other leaders knew that Britain had to fight.
If Britain stayed neutral, the war would still threaten the country's vast empire,
its global trade and security.
And Britain needed to stay on friendly terms with France and Russia.
Even in peacetime, she was not powerful enough to defend her empire against everyone.
In Africa and lndia,
the safety of Britain's colonies depended on French and Russian goodwill.
In 1914, Britain feared her friends just as much as her enemies.
If we fail Russia now
we cannot hope to maintain that friendly co-operation with her in Asia
that is of such vital importance to us
Above all, Britain could never afford to have Europe dominated by a triumphant Germany.
If Germany overran the Channel ports, Britain's control of the seas would be under threat.
Prime Minister Herbert Asquith took a pragmatic view.
It is quite against British interests that France should be wiped out
At 11 pm on 4 August, Britain declared war on Germany.
It was like awaiting the signal for the pulling of a leaver which would hurl millions to their doom
The deep notes of Big Ben rang out into the night
the first strokes in Britain's most fateful hour since she arose out of the deep
Every face was suddenly contracted into a painful intensity
It's horrible to think of all the suffering which may follow our mobilisation
I suppose the less one thinks of it the better
We never talk of death and very seldom think much about it
It's when everyone is asleep and you are awake
that sometimes you look into the future and wonder
The British Government had a War Book, listing all that had to be done in an emergency.
The country's leaders knew war would be a long and painful struggle,
a slow, grinding process of blockade, of starving the enemy out.
But most civilians had no idea what they were getting into.
Across Europe, there was a run on the banks.
The war couldn't last longer than a year,
the French Finance Minister told a British general,
because the money to pay for it would run out.
Most people expected Britain,
with the largest navy in the world, to fight a sea war.
The Foreign Secretary reassured the nation.
For us with a powerful fleet
which we believe able to protect our commerce to protect our shores
and to protect our interests
if we are engaged in war
we shall suffer but little more than we shall suffer if we stand aside
Bert Fielder was a sergeant in the Royal Marines.
He reassured his wife.
My dear Nell I don't think this war is going to be half as bad as people expect it to be
You see it's not a hard job for England so there is no need to worry yourself
As long as I can keep you informed as to where I am it'll all be all right
But the weapons with which the world went to war were so new
that few had ever been fired in anger.
Countries were armed with battleships and submarines less than ten years old.
Nobody really knew how to use them.
All the European powers had been stockpiling new artillery, machine guns, explosive shells.
But none had fought a major war in Europe for over 40 years.
The crisis had begun in the Balkans,
and as the Austrians faced up to the Serbs,
the First World War started here as it would go on everywhere else.
A war in which old scores would be settled and the rule book thrown away.
The war is taking us into a country inhabited by a population
inspired with fanatical hatred towards ourselves
An attitude of extreme severity
extreme harshness and extreme distrust is to be observed towards everybody
In some sectors, Serbian civilians did fight a guerrilla war,
not in uniform, not in the regular army.
It was hard for the Austrians to tell who was a real enemy, who was not.
But their reprisals against the Serbian people were vicious.
This was a war of nationalities and races.
Not just against an enemy army, but against whole peoples.
In the first month of the war, 4,000 civilians in western Serbia were killed or disappeared.
They burnt houses down looted raped killed
17 people - all women, girls
children tied with rope
dead in a ditch by the road
All of them slaughtered
At 9am I went to Lenica to get some supplies for the battery
In the town you could see the atrocities left behind by the enemy
Ten people some children among them had been hanged near the church
About a hundred people their throats cut at the railway station
A terrible sight to cast your eyes on
At the Serbian town of Prnjavor, this memorial commemorates those who died.
The Serbian Government commissioned a report into the massacres
The massacres of the civil population were systematically organised
by the command of the invading army
It's upon the command that all responsibility must rest
and also the disgrace with which this army has covered itself for all time
Austria-Hungary was far less ruthless when it came to fighting the Serbian Army.
That too set a pattern for the war, a foretaste of the military weakness
which would dog Austria-Hungary's partnership with Germany.
This was a war in which events on one front could have a critical effect on another.
Germany was relying on her ally Austria-Hungary to hold the Eastern Front.
With Russia massing on her borders,
Germany was horrified to learn Austria had concentrated her reserves not against Russia
but down in the Balkans, to deal with Serbia.
Meanwhile, the main Serbian army had marched up from the south of the country,
gathering numbers as it went.
On 12 August, it finally met the Austrians, at Cer Mountain.
The Serbs had taken up strong defensive positions along the mountain range,
and waited for the Austrians to walk into the trap.
(Explosion)
The Serbs surrounded us
The Serbian artillery had the range perfectly
Unluckily
so we were told by senior officers
we had arrived at the Serbian artillery practice area
Laughable!
(Explosions)
The Serbs easily beat off the Austro-Hungarian attack.
We could see the enemy retreating along the river
Their ammunition train left all their carts in the valley and ran away
as soon as they were hit by our artillery
A beaten army - no, an uncontrolled mob ran towards the border in senseless panic
Drivers whipped their horses officers and soldiers shoved and squeezed through
between the columns of wagons
Austro-Hungarian prisoners, captured in the first Allied victory of the war.
Austria had thought Serbia would be a pushover,
swift revenge for the murder of Franz Ferdinand.
But Serbia had scattered the Austrian Army.
The victories of 1914 cost Serbia 130,000 men.
''They did not die in vain,'' reads the inscription on this memorial to Serbia's dead.
Every nation would learn that nothing in this war would be easy, quick or clean.
On the Western Front, a French ambulance driver wrote to his son.
Do you ever think of your daddy walking day and night over ploughed fields
and getting very used to shells exploding all over the place?
I'd really like to hear from you
How's school
Don't be too quick to learn the geography of Europe
I think it's all about to change
In the next episode of The First World War:
German armies roll into Belgium and France, leaving a trail of atrocities.
And France, aided by Britain , fights for her life.
www.tvsubtitles.net