Nuclear annihilation....
This would have been an absolutely devastating event.
...mysterious pyramids...
There are, apparently, these unusual structures there.
and evidence of life billions of years ago.
Researchers found objects that looked
extremely similar to microorganisms here on Earth.
Throughout human history, the planet Mars has
captured our imagination. But is it simply because of its
striking red color and prominence in the night sky?
Or might we have a more profound extraterrestrial connection?
NASA knows there is life on Mars, but for some reason, it does not
want that information out.
Millions of people around the world believe
we have been visited in the past by extraterrestrial beings.
What if it were true?
Did ancient aliens really help to shape our history?
And if so, might they have come from the red planet of Mars?
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Cape Canaveral, Florida, August 20, 1975.
Ignition, we have liftoff!
The United States launches a Titan rocket carrying
the Viking spacecraft. Viking is embarking on a
420-million-mile journey to one of the most prominent sights in
the night sky...
Mars.
If all goes well, in 11 months, the unmanned probe will
touch down on the Martian surface and search for evidence of life.
Mainstream scientists say Mars
is most likely a dead planet because of its incredible
temperature swings and high levels of solar radiation.
So why is NASA spending a billion dollars to explore it?
The night sky is an astounding thing.
And to the naked eye, the red planet could be seen with its
special color. After all, it's the
biggest thing you see up there past the moon.
So it's been a special object of fascination and reverence
because religious systems often were associated
with the planets and the stars, the sky in general.
Speculations about what's there, is intelligent life
there, are the gods there? That's gone on for a long time.
Our dream for life on Mars probably
goes back to the ancient times when we were just doing
naked eye observation.
It's the planet that really stands out, that we now know is
very close to Earth in terms of physical conditions.
Even though Venus is much more like Earth in size and gravity,
it's a hellhole in the solar system.
But Mars, Mars is out there within our grasp.
Among the first to record this fiery red ball in
the night sky were ancient Egyptian astronomers.
In 1534 BC, they placed Mars on humanity's first chart of the
the Senenmut star map.
Two and a half centuries later, the Egyptians painted the planet
Mars on the ceiling of the tomb of Seti I.
But while the Egyptians honored Mars, many other ancient
cultures feared it because they associated the red planet with
death, destruction, and war. According to some
anthropologists, this is because the planet glows red like the
color of blood spilled on the battlefield.
The association of the red planet with the gods of war
goes way back. In ancient Babylon, Mars was
named after Nergal, the god of fire, death, and destruction,
essentially a god of war. The Greeks named Mars after
Ares, their god of war. The Romans, "Mars," that
is their god of war.
Rome was a warrior culture, so this martial emphasis, all
connected to the red planet, is accounting for the great armies
that conquered the known world; a very successful story and very
much aligned with the planet Mars.
In 42 BC, the Roman forces of Augustus waged the
Battle of Philippi against Marcus Brutus, as Augustus tried
to avenge the assassination of his adopted father, Julius Caesar.
Augustus pledged
to the god of war, Mars, that if he won this battle, he would
build a great temple for him.
So he won the battle, became Caesar Augustus, one of the
greatest of the Roman emperors, and he created the
temple of Mars, and whenever Rome would declare war,
the temple doors would be thrown open.
It was called the temple to Mars the Avenger.
Famously, we say the "gates of" "war" nowadays, right?
And it was the gates of Mars' temple that were opened or
closed depending upon whether there was a war going on.
From India to Rome, all of the ancient societies had
a reverence for Mars, a great closeness to Mars.
Very important in their pantheon, very important in the
imagination of the people that some kind of connection with
that red planet be maintained.
But while many ancient societies felt a bond
with Mars, most did not identify it as a planet like Earth.
The ancients thought planets were as uninhabitable as the Sun.
They saw them as wandering stars.
In fact, the word "planet" means in Greek "wandering star," planeta.
You have the fixed stars, the constellations, but then you
have these stars wandering about. They seem to follow the sun
because they appear to move against the background of the
fixed stars the same way the Sun does.
It wasn't until the 17th and 18th centuries, when
astronomers finally had telescopes powerful enough to
make out features on the surface of Mars, that we started to
imagine life on the red planet as a real possibility.
By the 1860s, an Italian astronomer by the
name of Angelo Secchi thought he saw straight lines
crisscrossing the surface of our little ruddy buddy up there, Mars.
And he called them "canali." The idea was picked up by an
American astronomer by the name of Percival Lowell.
And Percival Lowell built his own observatory down in
Flagstaff, Arizona. He spent a lot of time looking
through a telescope at Mars. And he wrote books about this.
He was articulate. He was clever and he convinced a
lot of the public and some of the scientific establishment
that there really was a civilization on Mars busy
digging up their planet because they needed to irrigate their crops.
But why has Mars fascinated humankind throughout
history? Is it simply due to the
planet's proximity to Earth and its striking red color in the
night sky? Or is it possible... as ancient
astronaut theorists contend... that Mars really was at one time
inhabited by intelligent life?
The Cydonia region of Mars, July 20, 1976.
An alien spacecraft sent from Earth touches down on the red planet.
Nav is green for touchdown.
After a ten-month journey, Viking I has reached its destination.
Touchdown. We have touchdown.
To NASA scientists,
it's a momentous event. For the first time in its
history, the United States has a probe on another planet.
Viking was the first spacecraft to actually
attempt a soft landing on Mars, and give us an actual feel, a
taste for what the conditions were on the surface.
We looked out at those pictures of the surface, and
they looked so much like the Pacific deserts here,
like Death Valley. We all half expected to see
a miner and his burro come walking up over the nearest rise.
Scientists knew that finding definitive signs of life on Mars was a long shot.
But when the Viking lander performed four tests on the
Martian soil looking for microbial life, it returned
surprising and controversial results.
Dr. Gil Levin designed one of the tests that the Viking probe performed.
Microorganisms breathe just like you or I or anything else, and then
they give off carbon dioxide.
So we got a tiny sample, a thimbleful of the soil, put into
a little container.
It was monitored for seven days continuously to see
if there are any bubbles forming in the tube.
Surprisingly, the tests came up positive for life by the
criteria that had been approved by NASA.
However, the result of another important test... one
looking for organic matter on the Martian surface...
was negative. But Dr. Levin says the other
test wasn't nearly as sensitive as his experiment.
It needed three million bacteria in a thimbleful of Martian soil to
find signs of life, while Dr. Levin's test only required 30 bacteria.
So there was a vast
discrepancy in the sensitivity of the two experiments,
and I immediately said, "Well, you know, they both could be"
right. We detected life, but maybe
there aren't enough bacteria per unit of soil for the organic
"analysis instrument to find." But NASA was very cautious,
and they opted to say no organic matter.
There goes the ball game. No life.
Dr. Levin has fought NASA for almost 40 years
on whether the Viking probe found evidence of life on Mars.
If he was right about the results of his test, this would
be the first proof accepted by mainstream science that life
exists outside our planet, but ancient astronaut theorists
say an even more profound discovery regarding the red
planet has been uncovered right here on Earth... mysterious
relics that may reveal an actual visitation of beings
from Mars.
Teotihuacan, Mexico.
In 2003, archeologists in this ancient city made a startling
discovery. A previously unknown tunnel lies
45 feet beneath the Temple of the Feathered Serpent, one of
the most sacred pyramids on the continent.
Working underground, scientists methodically explored
the debris-filled tunnel using a robotic probe with an infrared
scanner. After some 250 feet, they reached a side-cave.
The tail end of the tunnel, terminus of the
tunnel, was loaded with, um, yellowish metallic-looking orbs,
apparently colored clay.
The orbs are very interesting objects.
I've never seen anything like them in any kind of other
archaeological context.
On the inside, they are clay. On the outside, they're coated
with some sort of gold flecks, so they look like golden balls.
What purpose these golden balls served is unknown,
but some archeologists believe the cavern in which they were
found was a place of sacred ritual.
Like the clay balls, the walls were also covered in gold
flecks, so if the cavern illuminated it with a
torch during a ceremony, the cavern would have shimmered with
a thousand points of light, resembling the cosmos.
These beautiful orbs of yellow
material strongly suggests that someone was illustrating planets.
We do know that the Mayan calendar is heavily calibrated
to the orbital parameters of the planets in our solar system,
specifically the inner planets.
The red planet's connection
to the Mayan calendar is portrayed in The Dresden Codex.
This rare book from Mayan
antiquity describes the calendar in relation to Mars'
movements across the sky.
The Dresden Codex
is one of four remaining books that the Maya wrote.
It is, in many regards, an astronomical almanac.
There are many different sections of the book that talk
about different astronomical phenomena.
One of them is the planet Mars.
There is an almanac near the end of the book,
that breaks up days into ten groups of 78 days equaling 780 days,
which is the cyanotic period of Mars, in other words, the time
in which it takes Mars to get back to the same place on the
horizon from a human perspective.
Scholars believe Mars played an important role in
the Maya astrology that's described in The Dresden Codex.
Above that almanac is a sky band shown
with various aspects of celestial symbols we recognize
out of hieroglyphs, and hanging off of it is this
interesting dragon-like creature.
at dragon-like creature is recognized as the face of Mars.
Why did the planet Mars feature so prominently in
Maya astronomy? Ancient astronaut theorists
suggest the answer may be found in a little-known myth
surrounding the story of the feathered serpent god,
whose temple sits above the secret tunnel that contains
the golden orbs.
In the Mayan tradition, their great god,
often pictured as a feathered serpent, was said to have been
responsible for the death of the god of Mars, flayed him to death.
That's stripping off the skin. It's a horrific ritual that was
actually done in other ways in that culture, but the idea is
death by that means absorbs the power of the enemy.
But the name of their god also is associated with the comets.
There are certain drawings that show comets that
look like they have feathers coming off the back.
The flames are depicted as feathers.
And some scholars believe there's a connection between the
look of the flying feathered serpent and these comets.
Is it possible that the Mayan myth of the feathered
serpent describes an actual event, a cataclysmic comet
strike that destroyed the Martian atmosphere?
After studying the red planet for decades, mainstream
scientists admit it's entirely possible this impact occurred on
Mars in the distant past.
If you look at the Martian landscape, it is
heavily cratered compared to Earth.
Mars is next to the asteroid belt.
In fact, in some ways, it defines the inner edge of the
asteroid belt. So Mars is constantly being
hammered by asteroids relative to earth.
You always have the risk, and of course we've seen
it here on Earth, of having large asteroids or comets hit
the planet and cause tremendous ecological damage.
The most famous example of that is the Chicxulub asteroid that
may or may not have been the final nail in the dinosaurs' coffin.
And certainly that could've
happened at Mars because it doesn't have a large moon to
help shield the planet and possibly deflect asteroids.
In his book, Life and Death on Mars, physicist
John Brandenburg describes an impact crater in the Lyot region
of Mars that's more than 125 miles in diameter.
He believes this comet strike may have caused a profound
disruption to Mars' planetary system.
It's a large double-ring crater.
This happened to a planet that only gets half the sunlight
of earth and has one quarter of the surface area, so this would
have been an absolutely devastating planet
climate-changing event.
There may have been a very dramatic event where
some other leftover piece from the birth of the solar system,
some big asteroid, sort of made a close fly-by, sort of
a fender-bender collision with Mars and just stripped off a
lot of the atmosphere.
That's a very popular way to look at what may have gone wrong with Mars.
But if Mars fostered life long ago, before
losing its atmosphere, could intelligent life, and perhaps
even civilization, have existed and even flourished
on the red planet? And if so, where would the
inhabitants have gone after the cataclysm?
Some say the answers to these questions can be found in the
origin story of Earth's first civilization.
Mosul, Iraq, 1849.
During an excavation of the Biblical city of Nineveh, a team
led by the eminent British archeologist Austen Henry
Layard, discovers the ruins of the ancient Assyrian library
of Ashurbanipal. Among the priceless relics
Layard recovered from the library is a series of cuneiform
tablets called the Enûma Eliš, also known as "The Seven Tablets"
of Creation."
The tablets are, essentially, text in
columnar style, no more than eight to ten inches tall,
uh, six to seven inches wide, which were made of clay.
And while the clay was just in the process of setting,
a stylus would be used by a trained scribe to etch
the stories of our existence on this planet.
The Seven Tablets of Creation tell a story about a
group of gods called the Anunnaki who came from heaven to
give birth to the human race, but some ancient astronaut
theorists believe the original translations, completed in the
19th century by some of the best scholars of the day, are flawed.
The professors' certainly brilliant
brains had no idea of space travel, not to speak of
extraterrestrials.
So they all, without exception, made the translations in the
belief that the stories had to do with the Almighty God.
In the old texts, we have, for example, a word like "heaven."
So, for example, Abraham was taken up to heaven
and brought back to Earth. So we should change the word
"heaven" into the word "space" so it makes sense.
Using what they say is a more accurate translation
of this origin myth, ancient astronaut theorists believe the
tablets tell a story about the Anunnaki coming from space to
colonize both Mars and Earth.
According to some researchers, the Sumerians
had a number of myths about Mars, including that the
Anunnaki used Mars as a supply base to come here to Earth.
And subsequently the Anunnaki then ruled the earth as these
extraterrestrial god-kings, while humans began to create the
many civilizations on our planet.
And eventually the Anunnaki left to go back to their own planet.
Or did they?
Is it possible that
the Anunnaki gods in our ancient origin stories were actually
extraterrestrial beings and that they created the structures that
some believe they see on Mars? And if so, did they then journey to Earth?
We see multiple references in the cuneiform
tablets that are allegedly the records of the Anunnaki.
That, in fact, they did originate from Mars,
that this is not a dead, isolated, rocky world
with nothing on it, but there was life.
But according to the modern translation of
Sumerian and Babylonian origin myths, a cataclysmic event
occurred on Mars, an event that sounds remarkably
similar to ancient Mesoamerican myths about a feathered serpent
flaying the red planet.
While the Anunnaki were using
Mars as a supply base for earth, at some
point there was a catastrophe. There was some asteroid or comet
strike on Mars.
It ripped the atmosphere from Mars.
It changed the climate, and Mars couldn't be used as a habitable
space base for the Anunnaki anymore.
And so therefore, as we explore Mars more and more, we may find
structures, pyramids, ziggurats, even giant statues
carved into rock on Mars, which are really relics of
the Anunnaki and the time when they occupied that planet.
Some have suggested that Mars may
have had an atmosphere, and it got annihilated about
65 million years ago.
What some have suggested is that before this annihilation
occurred, that that civilization was able to
escape to Earth.
Now, according to this view, we might, in fact, be the Martians.
Some scientists say they've found powerful evidence
of this lost civilization. They believe they may have
discovered a nuclear signature in the Martian atmosphere that
matches Earth's after a nuclear test.
During the height of the Cold War, we
were detonating very large hydrogen bombs in the open air,
and it produces a lot of a gas called xenon 129.
On Mars, we've also found a lot of xenon 129.
The only process we know to produce this xenon 129 is a
nuclear explosion.
So apparently, a very large
nuclear weapon or weapons was detonated on Mars.
If we look at the Sumerian cuneiform tablets there
are very clear references to a variety of advanced forms of
technology. And it would seem
pretty clear that if we were able to get a nuclear bomb,
then why couldn't a civilization that was superior to our own
have developed the same technology?
There is a Sumerian myth concerning the
planet Mars having to do with some colossal battle of the
gods, so there is elements in mythology that look very much
like descriptions of nuclear war.
Signs of a possible nuclear blast,
myths of a comet flaying the planet...
and a controversial NASA experiment that may have
found life. Could these really be traces of
an ancient alien civilization on Mars?
And if so, is it possible there are artificial structures buried
beneath the surface even to this day?
The Ares Vallis region of Mars, July 4, 1997.
NASA's Pathfinder spacecraft lands on the red planet.
The first probe to reach the Martian surface since Viking,
Pathfinder will look for signs of water.
Since the Viking missions in the 1970s, mainstream scientists
have come to the conclusion that the planet may have once boasted
oceans full of water and complex life.
Billions of years ago, earlier in the
history of the solar system, Mars probably looked, in many
ways, the way the Earth did.
It did build up an atmosphere and oceans.
The atmosphere probably would have been equivalent to
Earth's atmosphere at that time. Life could well have
formed in the oceans.
One day after the Pathfinder touched down,
the Sojourner rover began exploring the Martian surface for signs of
these ancient life-forms using an X-ray spectrometer
and a high-powered camera.
What they discovered
was, yes, Mars, in certain places, looks like the high
desert on Earth. And maybe there are areas
which do seem to be dried-out riverbeds.
Maybe there's water under the surface.
The thing we've learned from the rovers that's
most interesting, I think, is the fact that Mars once had a wet past.
And if there was liquid water on the surface of
Mars long enough, not just for a couple of weeks, a couple of
years, a couple of thousand years, but for millions of
years, hundreds of millions of years, maybe something cooked up
in that liquid, maybe life.
As the Pathfinder
rover snapped photographs of the Martian surface, it captured
images of something that puzzled some scientists...
a mountain range they nicknamed The Twin Peaks.
In his book, Life and Death on Mars, Dr. John Brandenburg says
that because Mars has limited volcanic and tectonic activity,
it's an open question as to how these mountains were formed.
This interesting formation is the tallest thing
for hundreds of miles.
Most of the volcanic activity on Mars is concentrated in the Tharsis region.
How many miles away is that approximately?
Oh, it's, like 2,000 miles away, to the west.
All right, so, this area is not known for any
volcanoes or anything like that?
No, no. And because we now know so much more
about the climate of Mars than we did 20 years ago,
it had an ocean. It had long periods,
apparently, of liquid water flowing on its surface, so all
of this causes us to look at everything on Mars with new eyes.
Mm-hmm.
And so we have these two interesting objects.
They're conjoined. Not only are they the tallest
things for 200 miles but they're linked to each other.
And this reminds me of what we have found on planet Earth.
Now, there's alignment.
Mm-hmm.
And what's interesting, this is the Giza
Plateau from Egypt.
And it is near Cairo, which, name in Arabic derives from the
name in Arabic... Al-Qahirah, which means Camp of Mars,
Place of Mars.
- Very interesting. - Fascinating.
Huh.
And we also have found out recently that at one
time, the Sphinx was covered with red paint.
So, imagine we are looking at the Giza complex and the Sphinx.
And a million years of erosion has happened.
Wouldn't these things all look kind of rounded and mounded like this?
It's conjectural.
Mm-hmm. Now I notice over here,
because it's the Giza Plateau, we have the Sphinx.
Has something similar been discovered on Mars, specifically
around the Twin Peaks area?
Well, we have
this strange object which is nearby, and we see that from
space and also in the picture. And look at this.
At this alignment. Here is the Sphinx on Earth.
Here is the pyramid. Here is this object.
And there is what looks like a mound of stuff.
Who knows if it is degraded archeology?
We must look at everything on Mars now with new eyes.
In fact, when the Sphinx was originally found in
modern times, it was buried up to its neck in rubble
- and had to be excavated. - So something
similar could be going on right here.
There could be a much larger structure buried beneath.
Could the Twin Peaks be evidence that an
ancient civilization may have once existed on Mars?
A civilization whose structures appear to resemble those on Earth?
Ancient astronaut theorists
say yes, and that evidence for this startling
conclusion has been accumulating for four decades.
When Viking orbiters originally started
taking pictures of the surface of Mars,
they took pictures of very intriguing features on the plain of Cydonia.
On July 25, 1976, they took a picture of
something that looked for all the world like a human face.
The whole thing kind of blew up when a NASA project scientist
named Toby Owen put a magnifying glass over a frame number named
"35A72," and said, "Hey, look at this."
NASA actually held a press conference the next day, where
Owen and Gerald Soffen, who was the chief Viking project
scientist said, "You know, isn't it peculiar what tricks of light"
and shadow can do? The whole thing kind of went
"away a couple hours later when we took another picture."
The problem with that is that a couple hours later, the Viking
orbiter was nowhere near Cydonia and it was dark, so there's no
way that picture could have ever existed.
Some believe they found not only a human
face carved into Martian rock, but also a pyramid, a cliff.
In fact, an entire city buried by thousands of years of sand
and soil. By the late 1980s, one
researcher had even discovered what he thought were
mathematical relationships among the features of Cydonia.
A cartographer and satellite imagery expert from
the Defense Mapping Agency named Erol Torun took a look at
the pyramid and concluded that it was what he called the
Rosetta Stone of Mars. He found a bunch of mathematical
relationships that pointed to other objects in the area that
he thought were artificial- looking.
They included the face, an object called the cliff, which
is a straight line that goes on for hundreds of meters, a
rounded mound called the tholos which appears to have a pathway
that goes up to the top.
More than 20 years after the Viking mission, NASA
rephotographed the Cydonia region in 1998 and again in 2001.
The face no longer looked human, but some scientists
believe that was because of when and how NASA took the newer pictures.
They shot it from the side. They shot it at morning.
It was as much a different viewing geometry and lighting
geometry as possible from the original pictures.
Based on that evidence, the face on Mars,
evidence of past climate on Mars, a past ocean,
I have concluded that Mars was apparently the home of
a civilization in the past.
Is it possible that
an alien civilization existed on Mars in the distant past,
and built the structures that recent Martian probes have
photographed? If so, does the government know
more than it's telling us about life and death
on the red planet?
Washington, D.C., August 7, 1996.
On the South Lawn of the White House, 30 years after NASA
announced the Viking mission had not found evidence of life on
Mars, President Bill Clinton held an historic press
conference to announce some momentous news:
microbial life may exist on the red planet after all.
Scientists had found what they believed to be fossilized
remains on a Martian meteorite that crashed to Earth
12,000 years ago.
It must be confirmed by other scientists,
but clearly the fact that something of this magnitude
is being explored is another vindication of America's space
program and our continuing support for it, even in these
tough financial times.
There was enormous excitement over this discovery.
Based on the chemical composition of the meteorite,
we could tell that it was from Mars.
Inside the rock, researchers found different chemicals and,
in particular, different physical shapes of objects that
looked extremely similar to microorganisms here on Earth.
Soon after the president's press conference,
scientists began to backpedal on whether the meteorite actually
showed signs of life. They said the original team of
experts may have been wrong.
The image certainly looks like some kind of
a microorganism, but the opponents said the
microorganism remains are too small to have DNA to be inside it.
And therefore, it can't be a fossil.
Since then, microorganisms have been found that small, which
have DNA in them, but it has not been resolved.
But given the controversy surrounding the
possibility that life may have been discovered on Mars,
starting with the Viking mission of the 1970s and continuing to
- the present day... - Liftoff.
some scientists say NASA almost seems to be
avoiding the issue. The space agency has never
retried Gil Levin's test for signs of life on the red planet.
It is very puzzling
as to why NASA has refused to send life detection experiments
back to Mars. My experiment discovered
the most remarkable thing yet known about Mars.
That there is something highly reactive in the soil, chemical
or biological. But we really should find out
what it is. It is startling that NASA has
made no attempt to determine that issue.
I truly think NASA knows there is life on Mars,
but for some reason unbeknownst to me, it does not
want that information out.
Has NASA found definitive signs of life on Mars
that they're intentionally keeping from the public?
And if so, have they found evidence that an advanced
civilization once lived on the red planet?
Some ancient astronaut theorists believe they have, and as
evidence, point to a report commissioned by NASA in 1960...
that offers advice for how to reveal the news if the American
space program should ever find proof of extraterrestrial life.
The so-called Brookings Report essentially
said that in your travels throughout the solar system,
there is a distinct possibility that you will discover
artifacts, that you will actually discover evidence
of an ancient alien presence on Venus, on the moon or on Mars.
And the implications of such an announcement, if it were made,
would be potentially devastating to the human race.
It could be catastrophic. In fact, it used the word "disintegrate."
I would imagine that
it would be something that would be kept secret for awhile.
I don't think it's a bunch of men sitting in a room and
smoking cigarettes and saying we're gonna keep this secret.
But it is a responsibility, and I think that they would
certainly be very, very careful as to how to let
out this knowledge.
Is it possible that not just microbial life, but
also intelligent beings, once called the red planet their
home? And if so, what would that mean
for the existence of life elsewhere in the cosmos?
If life used to exist on Mars, particularly if
it formed independently of Earth life, life in the universe
is all over the place.
That means that of the billions of planets
discovered now similar to Earth,
through our universe, many of them would have
life on them. And if there is life different
from life on Earth that has evolved, there would be every
reason to suspect such evolution would have gone on on countless
other Earths. And that there would be
intelligent life out there as well.
We want there to be life on Mars.
We want there to be life somewhere beyond here.
We want that transcendent connection to the heavens.
We don't want it to be invaders, but we don't want to be alone
in the universe.
Are tales of life on Mars, found in cultures
across the world, simply mythology?
Or might Martians really have visited Earth in the distant
past, as ancient astronaut theorists suggest?
If so, could there be evidence waiting to be discovered on the
red planet?
Perhaps with further missions to Mars we'll find that not only
was it home to alien beings thousands of years ago, but it still is today.
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