NARRATOR: First came the rain...
Then the flood...
When you're telling the story of the beginnings of humanity,
the flood story is part of that story.
NARRATOR: Then, with the rising waters, a life-saving vessel.
In the book of Genesis, God asks Noah to build an ark.
PETER MACHINIST: The Noah story serves to provide a platform of understanding
for all future disasters.
It is the ultimate disaster.
NARRATOR: But where does the story come from?
An ancient tablet may hold the answer.
IRVING FINKEL: I took one look at it, and to my astonishment I realized
that this was another retelling of the flood story.
NARRATOR: Far older than the Bible,
the text describes a vessel very different from Noah's.
TOM VOSMER: Everyone has their image of the ark,
and then suddenly we have this one appear that says,
"Hey, it's round! It's a basket boat!"
I think that's a fascinating thing to look at.
NARRATOR: Now, a team of investigators has set out to build the ark
described in the tablet,
traveling to the once lush marshlands of Iraq,
near the site of ancient Babylon--
a land that was ravaged by regular floods.
And to India, where craftspeople skilled in ancient techniques
will attempt to construct a vessel large enough
to withstand a major flood.
I think if you brought a Babylonian into the present
to see this boat when it's finished,
that he would recognize it
as something coming from his culture.
NARRATOR: The story of the ark-- a turning point in history,
when the Babylonian empire collides
with the world of the Bible.
PIOTR MICHALOWSKI: This is the moment the history of the Jewish people begins.
Not at the beginning of time-- after the flood.
NARRATOR: Climb on board to discover
the "Secrets of Noah's Ark"-- right now, on NOVA.
Major funding for NOVA is provided by the following...
The David H. Koch Fund for Science.
Supporting NOVA and promoting public understanding of science.
And the Corporation for Public Broadcasting
and by PBS viewers like you.
Thank you.
NARRATOR: At the Israel Museum in Jerusalem,
some of the oldest known fragments of the Bible
are being recorded and preserved.
The 2,000-year-old Dead Sea Scrolls
contain the first Biblical reference
to a cataclysmic flood.
(thunderclap)
MAN: "The Lord saw how great the wickedness
"of the human race had become on the earth.
"So the Lord said, 'I will wipe from the face of the earth
"the human race I have created.'
But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord."
Genesis 6: 5, 7 and 8.
NARRATOR: Today, the story of Noah and the flood is central
to the scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
In the story, God sends a great flood as punishment
for the sins of humanity.
COOGAN: Because it is a moral, ethical God,
the takeaway lesson, in effect,
is that you better do what this God wants;
otherwise there will be big trouble.
NARRATOR: The righteous Noah is told by God to build an ark
to save his family and a pair of every type of animal.
When the storm subsides, Noah offers a sacrifice to God,
who then makes a covenant with Noah,
promising that humanity will never again be destroyed
by flood.
This pact between man and God is the foundation of morality
in the biblical book of Genesis.
COOGAN: When you're telling the story
of the beginnings of humanity,
the flood story is part of that story.
DAVID VANDERHOOFT: Without this moment of the flood,
you have no framework within which humans can develop
the life that will permit their perpetuity.
You have to have it there.
NARRATOR: But why is a defining moral tale in the Bible,
forged in the desert hills of Judea,
shaped by a flood and a ship?
Where did its authors get the idea?
The answer lies in the world's first writing system.
At the British Museum,
Dr. Irving Finkel is one of the world's few experts
in the ancient script called cuneiform.
And he shares his knowledge with all generations.
FINKEL: This is an exercise tablet from an ancient school.
It's made of clay, squashed flat,
and the writing is done on the surface of the clay.
So they never wrote on paper or papyrus like the Egyptians.
NARRATOR: Cuneiform evolved in what is today modern Iraq,
in an ancient area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers:
Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization.
The earliest examples are from around 5,000 years ago.
Originally used for bookkeeping,
its first marks are symbols of commodities,
like these ears of barley.
But soon this picture-based system develops
into symbols representing syllables.
FINKEL: Divide the name up into syllables.
Henry will be He-en-ry.
It was a tremendously significant step
for the human race because it meant suddenly
it became possible to record language properly.
NARRATOR: Over the course of two millennia,
cuneiform tablets become widespread
throughout Mesopotamia.
It's here, during the 19th century,
that British archaeologists discover 130,000 of them,
now under Irving's care.
One of them told an explosive story.
In 1872, its secret was revealed by a British museum assistant
named George Smith.
FINKEL: George Smith is a bit of a hero of mine.
He turned out to have an absolute genius
for understanding cuneiform almost at sight.
When Smith read the story in this tablet,
he read something that no person had read since remote antiquity.
NARRATOR: In the tablet from 700 BCE,
Smith was shocked to read key parts of a flood story
that closely resembled Noah.
FINKEL: He discovered there was going to be a deluge
to destroy the world.
The gods choose one human being as a hero,
and this character had to build a boat
in order to put life in it to withstand the waters
so that afterwards everything could start all over again.
I think he had a proper fit
because of the shock of discovering a text
which he knew from the Hebrew Bible by heart
was suddenly there in front of him
in this totally strange medium.
NARRATOR: Smith found parallels in even the most obscure details.
In both stories, the flood hero releases three sets of birds
to find dry land.
And both offer a sacrifice that their god smells.
FINKEL: The two texts were somehow
strongly wedded together.
They had a literary relationship.
One derived from the other.
NARRATOR: Over a thousand years,
several versions of the Babylonian flood myth emerged.
Could the parallels between all these Mesopotamian flood myths
and Noah's story be merely coincidence?
MICHALOWSKI: There's a borrowing here.
They're all different pictures
of the same personage, the same literary creation.
There's an overall parallel.
There are a number of very specific points of parallel,
which suggest that this is not just a random association.
NARRATOR: But there is one major difference: the ark itself.
In the Hebrew Bible, Noah builds a massive rectangular boat.
But in one of the earliest Babylonian stories,
the ark description is incomplete.
FINKEL: It says, "The ark you are to build... be equal..."
and then it's broken.
NARRATOR: Because the tablet is missing a piece,
features of the Babylonian ark were a mystery.
It would be almost a century before a key clue would emerge.
In 1948, a Royal Air Force officer named Leonard Simmonds
was serving in the Middle East.
One day he went into a market
and bought an interesting looking piece of clay
with strange inscriptions.
The object lay forgotten in his home for 40 years
until his son took it to the British Museum
to see if it might be of interest.
FINKEL: Once in a while manna from heaven
falls just when you need it.
NARRATOR: The tablet was from the ancient Mesopotamian kingdom
of Babylonia.
FINKEL: This is what the tablet looks like.
Nothing exceptional until you start to read it.
And I took one look at it, and to my astonishment,
I realized-- from the first lines only--
that this was another retelling of the flood story.
NARRATOR: But the inscription was squeezed
onto a 4,000-year old, badly damaged piece of clay.
To confirm his first analysis,
Irving takes the tablet
to the International Manufacturing Centre
at Warwick University.
They produce a perfect 3D model,
allowing him to re-examine the text in forensic detail.
The tablet begins with a Babylonian god's instructions
to the hero of the story, named Atra Hasis.
FINKEL: He tells him
to tear down the house and use the materials to build a boat.
NARRATOR: And then comes a detailed description of this boat.
(reading ancient language)
"Draw it out...
(reading ancient language)
...with the design of a circle."
As you wade through this funny script, you cannot deny
that with was the idea-- it was a round boat.
You think to yourself, "How can this be?"
The ark is one of the most familiar iconic things
in the whole world.
But when you start to think about it,
we know that on the rivers of Mesopotamia--
the Euphrates and the Tigris River-- they had round boats.
NARRATOR: On a Mesopotamian seal dated 2500 BCE is the cross-section
of a round vessel.
And at the British Museum are other images of round boats--
called coracles-- from 700 BCE carrying cargoes of stone.
So is the tablet describing a real vessel?
FINKEL: It's supposed to be mythology.
But as you go further down the tablet,
you discover that the detailed specifications
about how to build this thing are given us.
NARRATOR: The tablet lists the ark's components and proportions
in detail, suggesting real boat-building knowledge.
FINKEL: Instead of it being made-up facts,
we actually have details predicated on the idea
of building a real coracle.
NARRATOR: But the coracle described in the tablet is enormous--
222 feet across.
So Irving wanted to know,
could such an enormous round boat actually be built?
FINKEL: Quite frankly it seemed to me the only possible thing
you could do was to take these instructions
about how to build a giant coracle
and build a giant coracle.
NARRATOR: Very few boat builders in the world have the expertise
to take up Irving's challenge.
But if there's one person who can build such a vessel,
it's maritime archaeologist Dr. Tom Vosmer.
Tom has built a career from resurrecting ancient boats
from literary evidence.
VOSMER: Everyone has their image of the ark,
and then suddenly we have this one appear that says,
"Hey, it's round! It's a basket boat!"
I think that's a fascinating thing to look at
and see if we can make it work.
NARRATOR: With him is Eric Staples,
maritime historian and boat builder...
And Alessandro Ghidoni,
a world expert in ancient boat technology.
They've taken Irving's translation of the tablet
and converted the Babylonian measurements.
Right away they see the problem: the scale of the ark--
so big its structure could never support its weight.
VOSMER: Its size...
It's obviously physically impossible,
but let's try to see how far we can push it,
how large we can actually make it.
NARRATOR: Also, the tablet lists materials,
but doesn't say how the Babylonians
would have to put them together.
Luckily, there is more recent evidence.
These images from the 1930s show round Iraqi boats called quffas
ferrying passengers and goods.
In 1934, a British boat historian named James Hornell
carried out detailed research on quffas.
He wrote that they were made of fibrous plants
found near waterways-- either reeds or palm leaves--
bound into ropes and coiled into a basket-like hull.
Wooden ribs held the shape of the hull,
and a layer of bitumen, or pitch, made it waterproof.
These are the same materials described
in the 4,000-year-old ark tablet that Irving Finkel analyzed.
If the team is going to build the kind of round boat described
in the Babylonian myth,
they need to examine a more modern example.
These are the heavily guarded oilfields of southern Iraq.
For any outsider, traveling here is risky.
STAPLES: Coming into
what's described as an unsecure environment
in order to flesh out the details of how to build
a Babylonian ark
is definitely a new one for me, that's for sure.
NARRATOR: Eric needs to reach one of the few places
where there is evidence
of Iraq's traditional boat-building skills:
the great marshes of southern Iraq.
This ancient aquatic wilderness once covered
12,000 square miles.
It was home to hundreds of thousands of Marsh Arabs.
But much of it was drained by Saddam Hussein in the early '90s
to punish those resisting his regime.
Eric has come to meet Azzam Alwash.
Azzam is an expert in marsh traditions and boat technology.
And he also owns possibly the last remaining quffa in Iraq.
As modern roads, bridges and river launches were built,
quffas became obsolete.
This example exists only because Azzam had it constructed.
Hello, Azzam.
Pleasure meeting you. Likewise.
How are you doing? Good. How are you?
Good, good.
So here's our quffa.
This is the quffa.
Wonderful.
ALWASH: The building of this quffa
started with weaving in circles.
It's rings upon rings upon rings woven together
with traditional weaving techniques.
NARRATOR: Eric recognizes the components described in the ark tablet--
the coiled rope of the hull, made from marsh reeds;
the wooden ribs of its skeleton;
and waterproofing bitumen, the asphalt-like substance
that's been used to seal the hulls of boats
since antiquity.
Do you think I could give it a try?
Sure, why not? All right.
ALWASH: Hey, nice little sailor!
NARRATOR: It's very stable,
which is why it was once used as an all-purpose ferry boat.
But Eric wants to know if it can be scaled up.
And if so, how big can he build a round boat?
The 20th century historic record indicates
that the biggest quffas were up to 18 feet in diameter,
much less than the 222 feet the tablet suggests.
Could this be the limit of the round boat technology,
today and in ancient times?
Azzam takes Eric to see a building technique
that dates back more than 5,000 years-- a reed house.
(speaking Arabic)
ALWASH: So there it is.
The entire rigidity of this structure comes from the tension
built into these arches.
There is no metal in the building of these structures.
It's reeds upon reeds upon reeds.
They are brought together by the tension of these twisted reeds.
NARRATOR: Could the ancient Babylonians have used
this house-building technique as the basis for constructing
their large, round ark?
STAPLES: The circle that runs around here
is one way of basically holding it all in together
using the natural tension, the strength of reeds, basically,
because they're flexible,
but there's still strength within the flexibility,
particularly when you bundle them like this.
ALWASH: But you're saying here that this is going to be ten, 15 meters?
STAPLES: Ten, 12 meters, yes, yes.
ALWASH: Okay.
NARRATOR: Eric arrived with just the 4,000-year-old tablet details.
Now he has the beginnings of a design
for his large Babylonian coracle.
But many obstacles remain, beginning with where to build.
STAPLES: I'd love to build it in Iraq,
but considering the logistical issues
and the security issues as well, um, it's not realistic here.
So the question is where if not Iraq?
NARRATOR: Another question is how credible is the tablet
in describing the flood?
Today, this region is desert.
How likely is it that a great flood could have inundated
this parched landscape thousands of years ago
as the Babylonian myth describes?
This is one of the places that gave birth to that legend,
home of first the Sumerian, then Babylonian Empires--
the ancient city of Ur.
Just 20 miles from the great marshes,
Ur dates back more than 5,000 years.
It's here in 1928
that British archaeologist Sir Charles Leonard Woolley
made a startling discovery.
In 1922, Woolley and his team came in search
of early Mesopotamian civilization.
He found remains of an entire royal dynasty,
a testament to the sophistication and power
of the Sumerian elite.
And then, he made an equally stunning discovery...
A distinctive layer of river silt ten feet thick.
It had been laid down by a massive flood.
The grandson of a member of Woolley's team
relates how the discovery evoked the biblical story of Noah.
DHEIF MUSHIN: They found layer of sand to the south of Ur,
north of Ur,
and east and west.
That mean that happen a big flood
and they thought that is
the same flood of Noah, the great man,
the great prophet at that time.
NARRATOR: This connection to Noah's flood
made the layer of sand more famous than Ur's treasures.
Especially when other archaeologists began finding
flood deposits in neighboring cities like Uruk, Shuruppak,
and Kish.
The idea of a single great flood grew.
But there was a problem.
When the layers were dated,
they were found to be caused by different events,
spread over a thousand years.
So was there ever really a single great flood?
Landscape archaeologist Dr. Jenny Pournelle
is looking for the answer.
For over a decade, Jenny has been investigating
how the landscape of Iraq has changed over thousands of years.
Today she is taking a core sample,
part of a series that covers a broad area.
She's digging 68 miles south of Ur,
in a marshland that was recently drained for oil exploitation.
It's a chance for her to get a piece of uncontaminated earth,
essential for accurate dating.
POURNELLE: You can see
this light, light grey silt, and these little guys
are very typical of freshwater marshes around here.
It means that our core will have been protected
by this marsh cover until recently when it was drained.
NARRATOR: This core will help reveal if ancient Mesopotamia was impacted
by a cataclysmic flood.
POURNELLE: This should be something like year zero.
And that may be 1,000 BC.
And if we're lucky,
right about here is when your ark tablet was written.
NARRATOR: So what does this sample show?
They open it to see.
We've got layers, quite clear ones.
See that nice orange sediment?
It would suggest that there was a river
that periodically flooded and deposited sediment.
NARRATOR: Evidence from cores like this indicates that in ancient times,
Mesopotamia was criss-crossed by rivers and canals
that flooded constantly.
POURNELLE: Every year there are two floods--
one in the spring, one in the fall.
As cities first grew,
floods were part of not just a natural cycle
but an essential cycle.
They were profoundly dependent on the marshes
and all of the wealth of products
that came out of them-- food for themselves,
food for livestock, trade, commerce.
NARRATOR: Ur was one of many cities that arose in this water world.
The Euphrates River was its life source.
It delivered fertile soil, fish, and wildfowl.
But it could also bring disaster.
POURNELLE: The Tigris, the Euphrates
also had super floods every ten years, every hundred years,
every thousand years.
When we have the first recorded stories of the flood myth,
the cities where these were being written down
are exactly in that precarious position.
They created around them fragile environments.
With the right amount of water,
they can be incredibly productive
and incredibly wealthy.
But with the wrong amount of water,
the very irrigation works they need to produce that wealth
are blown away.
(explosion)
Everyone has a vested interest in this flood story.
Everyone knows that it makes or breaks their careers,
their livelihood.
That would be the power of the flood myth
in this part of the world.
NARRATOR: So it wasn't a single great flood that inspired the myths,
but centuries of periodic flooding.
And would a large round boat have helped these ancient people
to survive these floods?
The boat building team is trying to figure out
if it could even have been built at all.
They found a place to build their Babylonian coracle
in southern India,
where they can access the materials listed in the tablet,
and the skills to put them together.
Construction begins on the shore of Lake Vembanad.
(horn honking)
The fibrous plants they will use for the hull
will be reeds from a nearby marsh.
Some of the 16.5 tons of wood they will need
arrives at the boatyard.
They've settled on the size of their ark--
about 40 feet in diameter,
just a fifth the size of the ark described in the tablet.
But at 40 feet, it will weigh 35 tons--
right at the limit of what they believe the materials
and the ancient techniques will stand.
Once the ark is in the water,
the bottom will flex, straining the frame,
possibly causing it to break.
The bigger the ark, the bigger the pressure.
VOSMER: The largest quffas that I'm aware of
may be six meters.
This we're pushing beyond that.
It's actually eight times as big as a six-meter one.
So we're increasing the forces
we have to contend with exponentially.
NARRATOR: To hold the frame together, they will reinforce it,
combining basic engineering
with known Babylonian carpentry techniques.
The Ark Tablet states that the flood vessel has 30 ribs.
They lock these ribs in a latticework.
Tensioned bands will hold the tops of the ribs together.
The deck layer will add further rigidity.
And a forest of stanchions will prevent the bottom
from collapsing upwards.
Maybe it's all going to fall apart, who knows?
But maybe it will succeed and we'll think,
"Ah, we could have pushed it a little bit more!"
NARRATOR: The ark will contain more than 800 pieces of wood
in 6,000 individual connections,
cut and shaped using traditional tools.
There will be no metal, modern sealant or adhesive.
As instructed by the tablet, the team also begins
to bind reeds into tightly packed lengths of rope.
They'll need a mile and a half to cover the entire hull.
You have this little coil that then starts spiraling out.
The idea is that you can gradually create
a gigantic basket, basically made of grass.
NARRATOR: As the beginning of the reed coil is lashed into place,
they turn their attention to the next major challenge:
waterproofing.
The tablet calls for natural bitumen--
which doesn't exist in India,
but is found oozing out of the ground in Iraq.
Natural bitumen has unique impurities,
which make it adhesive and resistant to heat.
Alessandro, the team's expert in ancient boat technology,
needs to re-create these properties,
starting with refined industrial bitumen.
He adds animal fat and fish oil
to make it sticky,
and lime powder made from burnt lake shells
to give it heat tolerance.
Getting the balance of these ingredients right is critical.
GHIDONI: If you put too much lime powder it will get very hard,
it will resist at high temperature,
but it won't stick.
If you put too much fish oil or animal fat,
it will stick easily...
It's getting more dense...
...but it will melt under the sun basically.
Put it down.
NARRATOR: Alessandro's cooking skills will determine
whether the ark will float or not.
Up, like this...
NARRATOR: They've given themselves six months to build,
the recorded gap between seasonal floods
in ancient Mesopotamia.
Then, they'll face the greatest challenge of all:
getting the ark into the lake.
A boat usually has a keel
that can support it as it slides into the water.
A round boat has no keel.
And this one will be covered in a fragile layer of bitumen.
You cannot drag the boat on the ground,
you cannot pull it.
The bitumen layer is extremely delicate,
it's very soft, and you don't want it damaged,
because it's the only, basically, layer
that keeps the whole boat waterproof.
Without the bitumen, the boat won't float.
NARRATOR: How would the Babylonians have launched the boat?
The Ark Tablet doesn't say.
The hero, Atra Hasis, simply waits for the flood.
It is one of the big questions,
sort of a burning question of, you know,
if a boat this large could actually have been built,
unless there was a flood it would have been
incredibly difficult to launch.
NARRATOR: A vessel like this could have meant survival
in a world of constant flooding.
But at some point, those floods become mythologized
into a single great deluge
and real coracles are turned
into a single giant ark of legend.
And somehow that legend of the round ark
becomes the familiar boat shape in the story of Noah.
How does such a transition occur?
The answer lies in a great innovation of the ancient world:
cuneiform writing.
FINKEL: Originally all these stories circulated orally.
And around 2000 BC,
we see for the first time that these narratives
became reduced to writing.
And from that moment they are fixed rigidly.
So you have an established text which all the scribes copy.
NARRATOR: And in the process of copying, errors creep in.
Irving Finkel believes one of these errors
changes the shape of the ark.
The Ark Tablet, dated around 1750 BCE--
4,000 years old--
places the round ark inside a square
to help define its dimensions.
By 700 BCE, the Atra Hasis flood tale has been absorbed
into a more famous story,
the exploits of a hero king in The Epic of Gilgamesh.
But here, scribes omit the mention of the circle.
FINKEL: We have these later scribes who have an old text.
They look at it and they decide,
"Well, all this technical stuff, we don't need it,"
and they don't read the thing very carefully at all
because in the description about how round it was,
they miss the point.
NARRATOR: As a result, according to Irving,
the Gilgamesh ark has a very strange shape.
FINKEL: So it's like a kind of skyscraper.
What would happen if you put that in the sea?
It would sink, wouldn't it?
Especially if it was full of animals.
It's absolutely hopeless.
NARRATOR: Over time, the mythical ark loses touch
with the reality that likely inspired it.
It sets off on a literary journey,
changing with new interpretations.
FINKEL: There is a rather ironic consequence.
You have the possibility of an error being consolidated,
copied and recopied until nobody thinks about it anymore
and they just take it for granted.
And that is surely what happened with the shape of the ark.
NARRATOR: It eventually adopts the boat shape we know
in the story of Noah.
And the rest of the story changes too.
Almost 2,000 years after the first Babylonian version,
the flood story is found outside Mesopotamia,
in the Hebrew Bible.
There's just no way of explaining the story
in Genesis except as a borrowing.
The question is, when, how and why?
NARRATOR: It's long been assumed that trade and cultural exchange
bring the Babylonian story to ancient Israel.
But this doesn't explain why biblical writers adopt the tale
and give it a moral twist.
In the Mesopotamian myth,
pagan gods are disturbed by human noise
and use the flood to reduce their numbers.
But in the book of Genesis, the flood is a disaster
that God uses to punish people for their sins.
PETER MACHINIST: The Noah story serves
to provide a platform of understanding
for all future disasters.
It is the ultimate disaster.
It was not just natural disasters
that were attributed to God,
it was also historical disasters.
NARRATOR: The history of the people to be known as Jews
is filled with disasters that are reflected in the Bible.
But many experts believe there is one in particular
which provides an explanation for the story of Noah.
(distant screaming and sword fight)
The Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BCE.
A consequence of the Judean kingdom's failure
to pay tribute.
If somebody is not paying their taxes,
not paying tribute as they're supposed to,
you have to make an example of them,
so you need to come in and show the world
what your power is capable of enforcing.
NARRATOR: Several thousand Judeans--
the educated and the powerful of ancient Israel--
were marched about 1,000 miles to Babylon.
ILAN: The Babylonians needed manpower.
They had fields that needed to be cultivated
and craftsmen that needed to be imported
to make the tremendous buildings and other things
that they did, so you imported manpower
to do those kinds of things.
I think for a lot of people there probably was a sense
that this is the end of the world as we know it.
MAN: "Our tormentors demanded songs of joy.
"They said, 'Sing us one of the songs of Zion!'
"But how can we sing the songs of the Lord
while in a foreign land?"
Psalm 137: 3 and 4.
NARRATOR: Yet this traumatic uprooting brought the Judeans
into direct contact with Babylonian culture.
And that would shape the destiny of their scripture
and the story of Noah.
One of the greatest collections of Babylonian relics
in the world is found here,
at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.
It includes a reconstruction of the entrance to Babylon.
The newly arrived Judeans would have walked through this gate.
On the other side was a world
they could scarcely have imagined.
In the sixth century BCE,
Babylon was the most cosmopolitan city on earth.
But what was the Judean experience?
Dr. Cornelia Wunsch is an expert
in Neo-Babylonian culture.
She has evidence suggesting exile in Babylon
wasn't as bad as the Judeans might have feared.
WUNSCH: They have been allotted land
and they are tilling the land, building houses
and they are doing reasonably well there.
It may have been awful at the beginning
and nobody wanted to be in exile,
but very quickly, things got good.
Judea made it after one or two generations.
They were well ensconced into the Babylonian economies.
They did well.
NARRATOR: A Babylonian-style personal seal
of a Judean merchant named Arricam
suggests how assimilated
some Judeans were in this new society.
WUNSCH: He certainly led a dual existence.
Arricam is clearly showing himself
as a person of Judean descent, but on the other hand
as a typical Babylonian businessman.
NARRATOR: Many Judeans in Babylon were well integrated
into Babylonian culture.
But they also preserved their own traditions.
This was the case for Judean scribes,
who were editing traditional stories and prayers
and writing new ones
that would ultimately become the Hebrew Bible.
COOGAN: These priestly authors, obviously,
had the exile on their minds.
And one of the most significant aspects of this event
was the formation of the Bible.
It began in Babylon.
Some of these books were already in process but seem to have been
shaped by the experience of the exile.
NARRATOR: In the center of Babylon is a giant ziggurat.
In the book of Genesis it becomes the ultimate symbol
of human folly-- the Tower of Babel.
For Irving Finkel,
this borrowing is just one of many.
In collaboration with the Archaeological Institute
in Berlin, he examines extraordinary evidence
that links some elements of Babylonian literature
with the beginnings of the Hebrew Bible.
One is the story of King Sargon, who was cast adrift
by his mother in a round basket
to save him from being discovered.
She made a little ark out of reeds and bitumen
and she put the baby in this ark and she put the ark in the river
and away it went.
Now, this is a story which has a certain familiar ring about it
from the book of Exodus point of view
because Moses was given the same kind of origin.
NARRATOR: There's also a list of Babylonian kings
before the flood,
very similar to Adam's genealogy
described in the book of Genesis.
But the most amazing piece of evidence is written
on a Babylonian school tablet-- a retelling of Gilgamesh,
the epic poem that contains the flood story.
FINKEL: What does it tell us?
It tells us that you have at this time in Babylonia,
schoolrooms where the Gilgamesh story,
undoubtedly including the flood story, was on the curriculum.
NARRATOR: Could Judean children have read these same stories?
A detail in the Bible's book of Daniel suggests they did.
According to the story,
Daniel was the son of an exiled Judean nobleman.
In Babylon, the Bible says, he and his friends
were taught to read cuneiform.
Just as these children discover, learning cuneiform isn't hard.
It would have made Babylonian stories easy to absorb.
FINKEL: These kids suddenly find themselves
learning these very narratives
which seem to us the essential Babylonian narratives
that ended up embedded in Judean Hebrew.
MICHALOWSKI: The idea that it was Judeans
in Babylonian captivity who learned cuneiform
and adopted the flood story
is to me the only decent explanation that you can have.
NARRATOR: If this theory is correct, stories like Noah and the Flood
were widespread in Babylonian culture
and absoed into Judean scripture.
They would eventually become the moral teaching
for three great faiths.
But not until the Judeans emerged from exile.
In India, the Babylonian ark is almost complete.
And unlike the Babylonians--
who would have just waited for the floodwaters to rise--
the building team has had to find a way to launch the ark
without dragging its fragile hull across the ground.
We have two rails running straight underneath the ark
into the water.
So on top of these rails, we are going to put rollers.
And then on top of the rollers,
we're going to have another set of runners.
And then sitting on top of these runners,
we have the launch platform.
And then on top of the platform...
Is the ark.
Once she's all ready go,
basically just roll into the lake.
NARRATOR: It's a traditional boat launching technique.
But they've had to resort to modern machinery
to build the launch platform.
Once in the water, the platform will sink,
leaving the coracle to float away.
Except, as things stand,
it probably won't.
Alessandro's version of Babylonian bitumen
is melting and dropping off.
It's quite catastrophic at this stage.
Once we launch the boat, the water can push
through the gaps and holes
and then we're going to have a major leak.
NARRATOR: Just before launch, the ark is still not waterproof.
In 539 BCE,
over 50 years in exile,
the Judeans were allowed to return home.
They began rebuilding the Israel of old,
with a new temple and a single text, the Torah.
COOGAN: One of the most remarkable things
about ancient Israelite religion is that it survives.
The Babylonians conquered Jerusalem.
But the exiles from Jerusalem did not give up belief
in their God.
NARRATOR: The Babylonian flood myth is now retold as a moral lesson.
In some ways, it's a metaphor for the exile.
VANDERHOOFT: The foreign agent comes, punishes,
as a tool of God's wrath.
There's a cataclysm to be survived by a select few.
NARRATOR: And for them, the promise of a new beginning
is echoed in the Noah story.
MAN: "God blessed Noah and his sons, saying to them,
"'Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the earth.
"'I establish my covenant with you.
"'Never again will all life be destroyed
by the waters of a flood.'"
Genesis 9: 1 and 11.
NARRATOR: This covenant defines man's relationship with God
and marks the birth of Judaism.
The great Israeli scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann said,
"The exile is the watershed.
"With the exile, the religion of Israel comes to an end
and Judaism begins."
MICHALOWSKI: This is the moment at which the history
of the Jewish people begins.
Not at the beginning of time,
but after the flood.
NARRATOR: In India, Irving's theory that the legend was based
on an authentic boat-building tradition
is about to be put to the test.
The big question is Alessandro's bitumen recipe.
Will it work?
For Irving, the culmination of years of translation,
study and investigation is this moment.
I can hardly believe my eyes!
Amazing.
After all this imagination,
it's really here in the flesh so to speak.
It's incredible, it's incredible!
NARRATOR: The ark is raised on inflatable rollers.
On its launch platform,
it begins its journey down to the lake.
Alessandro is standing by to plug any leaks from the outside.
But before he can, a roller slips free,
pitching the ark in the water.
Start pulling!
NARRATOR: Below decks, it's clear their non-Babylonian
waterproof mix isn't working.
So we are now floating, which is the good news.
The potentially bad news, however,
is that we have a heck of a lot of water
coming in at the moment.
NARRATOR: They had hoped to get animals on board.
But right now they're consumed with saving the ark.
They plug the gaps and put a collection of pumps to work.
By the time Irving climbs on board,
the problem is under control.
Welcome aboard.
Thank you!
I'm proud to be here.
How wonderful, how absolutely wonderful!
NARRATOR: The boat-building team never managed
to duplicate Babylonian bitumen,
but the structure of the ark is sound.
At the root of the story may have been
a flood vessel like this one.
Behind the legend of a great flood
were thousands of real floods.
And behind the myth of a giant ark
is a genuine tradition of round boat building.
All this from a Babylonian tablet--
a story that emerged 4,000 years ago.
It continues to resonate today
as one of the world's most enduring tales.
The exploration continues online,
where you can watch this and ot NOVA programs.
Dig deeper into biblical archaeology,
from the iconic exodus to Babylon,
to the belief in one God,
to the origins and authors of the written Bible.
Watch original video shorts, explore in-depth reporting,
and dive into interactives.
Find us at pbs.org/nova.
Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.
It is a new class of weapon, made of ones and zeros.by Media Access Group at WGBH
This NOVA program is available on DVD.
To order, visit shopPBS.org, or call 1-800-play-PBS.
NOVA is also available for download on iTunes.